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In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821, Greeks struggled for independence.
In 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed in monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and that the family should be preserved. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia Prussia and Austria met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. The major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.
Nationalism in Europe moved away after 1848 and Germany and Italy came to be unified as nationstates. Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification. The architect of this process was its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor. An assembly was held to proclaim the new German Empire. The process of nation-building demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The currency, banking, legal and judicial system in Germany were modernised
In 1789 Nationalism came with French Revolution and the political and constitutional changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices were introduced such as the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen ( the citizen). A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former one. Democracy destroyed in France by Napoleon and the Civil Code of 1804 known as Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
: Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and Social Republics. The first print shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass it. The torch of Enlightenment was carried by a female figure in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. 1. On the earth in the foreground lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. 2. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. 3. The procession was led by the United States and Switzerland, followed by France and Germany. Following the German people are the people of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. 4.From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought huge changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state.
Assertion (A): According to the Mitakshara school, a father could divide his property among his sons during his life time. Reason (R): The Mitakshara recognised the Sons’ right of ownership by birth in ancestral property.
Assertion (A): Many Roman gold and silver coins, belonging to first and second centuries AD, have been discovered in South India. Reason (R): Some parts of South India were under Roman occupation during this period
. Assertion (A) : Soon after the resignation of the Congress ministries in the provinces in 1939, the Muslim League observed a ‘Deliverance Day’. Reason (R): Ambedkar supported and joined it.
Assertion (A): Sulhkul, namely peace with all became the state policy of Akbar. Reason (R): He removed religious disabilities of the Hindus by abolishing the pilgrim taxes, Juziyah and opening state services to them.
Assertion (A): The agrarian crisis began in the later part of the 17th century. Reason (R): The oppressed peasantry joined the local rebel leaders and zamindars.